Corporate Fundraising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Fundraising - Essay Example According to s 715A, the offer document should be presented and worded in a concise, clear and effective style. An offer document should supply with all relevant information and material to the investor and by doing so, the company would help the investor to make a wise investment decision. Thus, an offer document should be prepared as the guidelines provided in CA 20011. A proprietary company in Australia is barred from fund raising from the public. Some types of demeanour by corporations in Australia pertaining to financial services and products like the making of deceptive or bogus statements or involving in deceptive or deceptive conduct is barred. However, under s 113(3), a proprietary company can raise funds from the general public if the fundraising does not require a disclosure document where there is an exception. A corporation is not required to file a lengthy prospectus if it is exempted under s 708 or if the quantum of money to be raised is $ 10 m or less from the public. A company is required to file only an offer information statement if the amount that is going to be raised is $ 10 m or less. ... If the issue size is $ 5 million or less, an Australian company may issue offer information statements in lieu of a prospectus. In Hurst v Vestcorp Ltd (1988) 12 NSWLR 394, it was emphasised the significance of proper disclosure documents by a company while inviting the public for investment in its shares3. It is to be noted that offer of securities obtained outside Australia will not fall under the 700 (4) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). For example, if The Green Coffee Company Ltd, makes an offer of $7 million and $15 million in capital in Vietnam, then Australian laws will not be applicable. Further , if The Green Coffee Company Ltd wanted to raise $ 10 million or less , there is no need to issue a detailed prospectus or if is exempted under s 708. If it is intend to raise more than $ 10 million, it has to compulsorily file a detailed prospectus with ASIC and is bound by its statements. Application of Law The Corporation Act 2001 function to make sure that the investors are sa feguarded when they make a decision to buy shares. Assuming that the Green Coffee Company Ltd and not a proprietary limited company , if the company wants to go for public issue , then it has to observe the provisions contained in Chapter 6D of the Corporation Act 2001(Cth). There are many options available for the Green Coffee company as regards to fund raising. It may go for a public issue or may approach bankers to advance loan or issue of debentures, etc. Thus, proper mixture of minimal public issue with loan capital may offer leveraging or gearing to the company thereby enhancing its Return on Equity (ROE). In a nutshell, Green Coffee Company may engage to release an offer information statement

Accounting fraud Essay Example for Free

Accounting fraud Essay Accounting fraud can be defined as knowingly falsifying accounting records in order to increase sales revenue and net income. Accounting fraud is committed in corporations by means of showing false information, using funds for illegal purposes or inflate expenses, overstating revenues, understating expenses or overstating the value of corporate assets. All these activities are entirely unethical. Behaving ethically depends on the capability to recongnize the ethical issues and to believe on their existence. This ability to respond ethically at workplace related more to attributes of corporate culture than to attributes of individual employee Individuals often fail to realise their moral obligations at work and by being subject to world’s temptation fails to tread on their set ethical standards and behave unethically. People especially of todays generation are so much engrossed in their own different criterias of their lives that they almost forget to confine themselves to ethical boundaries that is why ethical decisions are always difficult to make and its foundation is based on several factors however if we talk about the decision by considering moral philosophies of a person; that depends on whether the person is making a work-related decision or personal-life decision. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay A person in the business sector might view of the problem by thinking differently beacause of the outside force and under the work pressure. However, the same decision might be unacceptable to him outside the work. The second reason of people changing moral philosophies could be the corporate culture where they work. Rules and personalities of a business culture person eventually effects on the person and exerts pressure to conform to the firm’s culture. Edward Hall (1959), described culture as a silent language, and defines it as â€Å"that part of man’s behavior which he takes for granted, the part he doesn’t think about, since he assumes it is universal or regards it as idiosyncratic.† Geert Hofstede (1993) defined it as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group or category of people from another.† (P.489) A culture followed in corporate or on industrial level is known as Meso- culture and every organisation has t heir own set agendas regarding ethics because work ethics plays a pivotal role at work place to rein employees to behave ethically and keeping into account the ethical dimensions. In most of the organizations, there are set rules and policies specifically formulated to make ethical environment. Every  organization has a culture which mainly comes from the side of upper management and the rest of the employees follows the set trends and culture of their own corporate sectors. The culture of the organization varies from organization to organization because of the different perceptions of the chief executive officers (CEO) and the Board of Directors (BOD). Individuals in practical lives tend to take decisions according to their own moral values and set standards however, in business it changes and is quite the other way round. People get pressurised often and take decisions whatever is percieved as right or wrong in their surroundings and also choose on producing the greatest benefits with least harm. Individuals cannot simply enforce their personal perspective, though they are responsible for their actions but the idea of middle- management or entry level employee to have the freedom to take decision on their own at the work place is unrealistic.For example, if an employee can attract more customers by giving bribe to someone in the business, his decision would rely on whether complying with company policy or requirements is an important motivation to the individual or not. So for that purpose, according to Drake and Drake (1988), â€Å" there is a necessity for the development of training programmes to implement corporate values. These programmes must explain the ethical and legal principles to the employees and show practical examples which can be used as a guidance.† (p.111) Thus, the set principles and policies regarding work ethics in an organization and in addition to that the training programs can guide, govern or direct the employees to follow ethics and helps in institutionalizing organizations. According to ethics consultant David Gebler, â€Å" Most unethical behaviour is not done for personal gain, it’s done to meet performance goals†. Mostly people are of the view that individual moral philosophies plays main role for the ethical behaviour in business. Although moral philosophies learned through family, religion and education are important but it is only one factor which helps in decision making; it is not sufficient to prevent ethical misconduct especially in the business sector. Studies show that the reward for meeting performances and the corporate culture are the main drive rs in ethical decision making because the companies have a life of their own and the individuals working in the company are transcended by its corporate culture and with the passage of time, these patterened activities become instituionalized within the  organization. Peer influence also effects to some extent in the decision making; employees can be lulled by each other in making unethical decisions or when facing with ethical dilemmas nonetheless, everything still surrounds around the corporate culture and its strict policies for the ethical behaviour because when the policies will be strict, every employee would strive hard for the performance goal. If I fit myself in a situation where I can easily inflate my account on company’s expenses, I would be swayed by the company’s culture. I might not even think of committing any fraud or inflate the expense on company’s account, if the company is strict in its policies. But at times, it also depends on an individual moral values of a person in taking decision which is transmitted normally from families. According to my vantage point, individual moral development for taking a decision is a secondary factor; what drives first instantly to the person to behave ethically is the corpo rate culture since a company cannot rely on every individual to behave ethically on their own. They cant just stand in front of people and say they want them to have a good attitude and be excited, says Pecos River president Elizabeth Wilson. Taking decision in practical life and in work life differs. People in their work lives are driven by some targets and goals which are triggered in them by the organisation where they work and that effects on their performance. Similarly, when they take decision in their work lives , they are not driven by their own values, the company’s formulated culture effects their decision making. Nevertheless, if a person takes any decision without any concern or reflecting on the ethical dimensions; these sort of misbehaviours are referred to as â€Å"unethical business practices† (eg Garrett et al.,1989; Giacalone and Jurkiewicz, 2003 ; King, 1986).According to Murphy (1989), â€Å"Ethics should be followed in corporate sectors in the form of corporate creed and ethical code. The former establishes the organisational ethical values whereas the latter is a specific set of guidelines which must be developed in all functional areas of the firm.† To conclude, business ethics plays a pivotal role in developing a corporate culture. Although, all the implementation of principles and ethics is a bit difficult procedure but it impacts on the employees in the organisation in higher degree and rein them from involving in unethical activities. â€Å"It is obvious that in principle individuals are more ethical if a corporation has a written, formal code and  less ethical otherwise.† (Vitell et al.,1993,p.336). Hence, according to Vitell, the idea of a formal written code for ethics works well in corporate sector. In addition, moral values of an individual which are mainly effected by religion, personal cognitive approach, family, beliefs, education et cetera also plays an important role in preventing the employees in taking any unethical decision, however, it is only a secondary factor for an employee has a performance goal in his mind while working and the decision forms according to a corporate culture and the ethics followed in organizations since a company cannot rely on individuals individually to have e thical standards and beliefs. For that purpose , there is a necessity of a corporate culture which work as the main driver to act ethically in a work- place and in situations related to corporate sector. REFERENCES: Arunchand, C H; Ramanathan, Hareesh N. Organizational Culture and Employee Morale: A Public Sector Enterprise Experience, Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management2.1 (2013): 1-8. Mickalowski, Kyle; Mickelson, Mark; Keltgen, Jaciel. â€Å" Apple’s Iphone Launch: A Case Study In Effective Marketing The Business Review, Cambridge9.2(Summer 2008). Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed 29 September,14 Caulkin, S.: 2002, Good Thinking, Bad Practice, The Observer (7th April), 11 Claver, Enrique; Llopis, Juan; Gasco, Jose L. International Journal of Value Based Management15.2 (2002): 151-163 Drake, B. H.and E. Drake, (1988), â€Å"Ethical and legal aspects of managing corporate culture† California management review 30 (2), 107- 123 Fritzche, D. J.: 1995, Personal Values: Potential Keys to Ethical Decision Making, Journal of Business Ethics 14(11), 909–922. Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed 5 May,14 Garrett D. E., J. L., Bradford.,R. A. Meyers., J, Becker :1989 Issues Management and Organizational accounts: An analysis of Corporate responses to Accusations of Unethical Business Practices, Journal of Business Ethics 8 (7), 507- 520, Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed 6 May,14 Geert, H., Bond, M. H., Luk, C. L. (1993). Individual Perceptions of Organizational Cultures. Organization Studies, 14(4), pp. 483-503. Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed 11 may,14 Hall, E.T. (1959). The Silent Language, New York: Doubleday Lincoln, D., M. M. Pressey and T. Little: 1982, Ethical Beliefs and Personal Values of Top Level Executives, Journal of Business Research (10), 475–487 Murphy Herta A., Effective Business Communication (7th Edition), Herbert W. Hildebrandt , Mc Graw- Hill. Nakano, Chiaki. Asian Business Management, suppl. Special Issue: Japanese Business Society in a Global Age6.2 (Jun 2007): 163-178. The Significance and limitations of Corporate Governance from the perspective of Business Ethics: Towards the Creation of an Ethical Organizational Culture, Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed on 10 May, 14. Vitell, S. J., et al, (1993), ‘Marketing Norms: The influence of personal moral philosophies and organizational ethical culture’ Journal of the academy of marketing science 21 (4), 331-337, Retrieved from Proquest Database, Viewed on 12 May,14. Yallapragada, RamMohan R.; Roe, C. William; Toma, Alfred G.: Accounting fraud and white collar crimes in the US, Journal of Business Case Studies8.2 (2012): 187. Retrieved from Proquest Database, Viewed on 7 May,14.

Sexist Views in The Bacchae :: Bacchae Essays

Sexist Views in The Bacchae Throughout my life, I've heard the phrases, "Women shouldn't serve in the Armed Forces; no, I wouldn't want a female president; a woman's place is in the home." Even though our society is drifting from these extremely sexist views, opinions like these are still widely held. Women were mistreated much the same in the ancient Greek civilizations. The views of our society, regarding the social and sexual roles of women, are mirrored in the ancient Greek tragedy, The Bacchae. The idea that a woman's place is in the home is all too common in our culture, just take into consideration the Southern Baptist Convention's declaration stating wives must be submissive to their husbands. This belief was held strongly in the Greek civilization as well. A woman's function was to bear and raise children, cook, clean and care for any other needs the family may have. They weren't entitled to the basic freedoms they deserved. This intolerant view was illustrated in The Bacchae when Pentheus, in a rage, was ranting on about how all the women have deserted their homes to run wild through the dark woods on the mountain (pg 19, ln 17). The imagery associated with the woods is black and evil, yet when Pentheus speaks of the home, he claims the women have "deserted," as if they were wrongfully leaving their duty. Obviously, he believes the home is the proper place for a woman. Another very common misconception about women is that they were created for the pleasure of man. The idea that a woman's body was not her own, merely a possession to be dominated by her master as he wished, is also present in The Bacchae. The instances where the Maenads drank themselves into insensibility then crawled into the bushes to lie down before lusting men shows what lack of control these women had over their bodies. They were continuously dominated by the male god, Dionysus, and the fact that noone spoke against this behavior as being morally wrong only supports the idea that women are objects. It's absurd viewpoints like these that lead to modern day rape and sexual abuse. Yes, the sexist views demonstrated in The Bacchae belittle the social and sexual roles of woman, and yes, they may be reflected in our society today, but I do believe we're progressing above those close-minded, ignorant ways of thinking.

Internet Business Essay -- Business Analysis E-commerce

Internet Business Executive Summary: Over the thousands of years that people have engaged in commerce with other, it has adopted the tools and technologies that became available. The combined influence of continuing sales growth and rising operating costs has caused the company to consider whether it could move the entire sales operation onto the Internet. In comprehending the potential impact of the Internet on the world economy, one should recognize that the technology has the ability to cut costs, increase competition and improve the functioning of price mechanisms in many markets. Electronic commerce is one of the way can complete all the said as above.  ¡Ã‚ §Electronic commerce mentions the use of electronic data transmission to implement or enhance business processes. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Biggs,1998) Electronic Business connects small to medium-sized businesses to the Internet, electronic commerce, and global trade. No matter for any sized business, there also needs to provide all data files corrupt out of company. Advertising & Promotion  ¡Ã‚ §Promotion is a process whereby information about the organization ¡Ã‚ ¦s product or service is encoded into a promotional message for ... ...cashier or has any mistake during the transaction. Also, Logistics division has to handles customer service problems when the products are not delivered and it needs to keep track with. Even though the automatic tacking system is popular for electronic business, however sometimes provide a hotline for customers and have real person answer the question can let the customers feel much more comfortable then using a system. Reference Ray,M.L. ;,Advertising and communications management; Prentice Hall; Salle River, NJ; 1982 Radall,L; Average E-Commerce Web site costs US$1 Million;Computing Canada,2(24),1999 Harbrecht, Douglas;  ¡Ã‚ §Jeff Bezos: Amazon is something Genuinely new ¡Ã‚ ¨,2002 www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jan2002/nf20020128_01062.htm Biggs,M.; E Commerce Is Hot Today,but E Business is the gift that keeps on giving all year long; Info World, 1998 Internet Business Essay -- Business Analysis E-commerce Internet Business Executive Summary: Over the thousands of years that people have engaged in commerce with other, it has adopted the tools and technologies that became available. The combined influence of continuing sales growth and rising operating costs has caused the company to consider whether it could move the entire sales operation onto the Internet. In comprehending the potential impact of the Internet on the world economy, one should recognize that the technology has the ability to cut costs, increase competition and improve the functioning of price mechanisms in many markets. Electronic commerce is one of the way can complete all the said as above.  ¡Ã‚ §Electronic commerce mentions the use of electronic data transmission to implement or enhance business processes. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Biggs,1998) Electronic Business connects small to medium-sized businesses to the Internet, electronic commerce, and global trade. No matter for any sized business, there also needs to provide all data files corrupt out of company. Advertising & Promotion  ¡Ã‚ §Promotion is a process whereby information about the organization ¡Ã‚ ¦s product or service is encoded into a promotional message for ... ...cashier or has any mistake during the transaction. Also, Logistics division has to handles customer service problems when the products are not delivered and it needs to keep track with. Even though the automatic tacking system is popular for electronic business, however sometimes provide a hotline for customers and have real person answer the question can let the customers feel much more comfortable then using a system. Reference Ray,M.L. ;,Advertising and communications management; Prentice Hall; Salle River, NJ; 1982 Radall,L; Average E-Commerce Web site costs US$1 Million;Computing Canada,2(24),1999 Harbrecht, Douglas;  ¡Ã‚ §Jeff Bezos: Amazon is something Genuinely new ¡Ã‚ ¨,2002 www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jan2002/nf20020128_01062.htm Biggs,M.; E Commerce Is Hot Today,but E Business is the gift that keeps on giving all year long; Info World, 1998

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Born: September5, 1888 Died: April17, 1975 Achievements: First Vice President and second President of India. Placed Indian philosophy on world map. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was first Vice President of India and second President of India. He was also a philosopher and introduced the thinking of western idealist philosophers into Indian thought. He was a famous teacher and his birthday is celebrated as Teacher's Day in India. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born on September 5, 1888 at Tartani, Madras in a poor Brahmin family.As his father was poor Radhakrishnan supported most of his education through scholarships. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan had his early education at Gowdie School, Tiruvallur and then went to the Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati for his high school. He joined the Voorhees’s College in Vellore and later switched to the Madras Christian College. He chose Philosophy as his major subject and did his B. A. and M. A. in it. After completing his M. A. , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, accepted an Assistant Lectureship at the Madras Presidency College in 1909.In college, he mastered the classics of Hindu philosophy, namely the Upanishads, Bhagvad Gita, Brahma sutra, and commentaries of Sankara, Ramunuja and Madhava. He also acquainted himself with Buddhist and Jain philosophy and philosophies of Western thinkers such as Plato, Plotinus, Kant, Bradley, and Bergson. In 1918, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore. In 1921, Radhakrishnan was nominated as Professor of Philosophy at the Calcutta University, 1921. In 1923, Dr. Radhakrishnan's book â€Å"Indian Philosophy† was published.The book was hailed as a â€Å"philosophical classic and a literary masterpiece. † Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was called to Oxford University, to deliver lectures on Hindu philosophy. He used his lectures as a platform to further India's cause for freedom. He also argued that Western philosophers, despite all claims to objectivity, were biased by theological influences from their wider culture. He showed that Indian philosophy, once translated into standard academic jargon, is worthy of being called philosophy by Western standards.He thus placed Indian Philosophy on world map. In 1931, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected Vice Chancellor of the Andhra University. In 1939, Radhakrishnan became the Vice Chancellor of the Benaras Hindu University. In 1946, he was appointed as Ambassador to UNESCO. After Independence Dr. Radhakrishnan was requested to Chair the University Education Commission in 1948. The Radhakrishnan Committee's suggestions helped mould the education system for India's needs. In 1949, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was appointed ambassador to the Soviet Union.He helped laid the foundation for a strong relationship with Soviet Union. Radhakrishnan was elected first Vice-President of India in 1952. He was honored with the Bharat Ratna in 1954. After serving two terms as Vice-President, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected President of India in 1962. During his tenure as President India fought wars with China and Pakistan. As President he helped see India through those trying years safely. He retired as President in 1967 and settled in Madras. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan died on April 17, 1975.

Jackie Robbinson essays

Jackie Robbinson essays The person that I chose for a person of magnitude is Jackie Robinson. Jackie was just not any old person that lived through the 1900s, and endured all the pain and hardship that time brought to the people. He kept strong and had a will to survive through the Great Depression and all the other racial and unfair treatments that the African American community suffered. Jackie was the first African American to be accepted to the Major League Baseball. He was not just a professional baseball player; he was more an inspirational leader during the 1940s. We all know that the world was unfair and the African American community suffered hard times every day. What makes Jackie a person of magnitude in my mind is he had to the will to put all that behind him and concentrate on what he loved to do, playing baseball. What he did as an inspirational leader was to show the world that all this stupid racial attitudes, were ridicules and the whole world could get along fine if they just wanted to. Jackie took a lot of heat being the only African American on the Brooklyn Dodgers, his team would sometimes not even talk to, umpires would give him unfair calls, and commentators would just put him down, all because the world didnt believe that African Americans had the right to play baseball. he didnt care he did what he loved to do playing ball. For those nine magical years from 1947-1956 he played with the Dodgers were years that nobody will ever forget. Although the civil rights movement for African Americans was still about thirty years away I believe hat he help kick start the movement and other people were begging to realize it to. Jackie was hand selected by the President Branch Rickey and the Dodger organization including the owner and the vice president and General Consul Walter OMalley to cross the precipitous color line Jackie Mikes list of people of magnitude because he never let anythin ...

CNS Breathe Right Essay Example

CNS Breathe Right Essay Example CNS Breathe Right Paper CNS Breathe Right Paper Company Profile CNS was originally formed by Dr. Daniel Cohen and Dr. Frederick Strobl as a medical equipment company in 1982. Strobl and Cohen were neurology occupants at the University of Minnesota infirmaries. Strobl was besides an electrical applied scientist. The original purpose of the company was to revolutionise encephalon activity monitoring by contriving and marketing a personal computing machine equipped with a circuit board that could analyse encephalon moving ridges in existent clip during operations. After five old ages of increased technological progresss but a steady diminution in gross revenues. the company hired Fred Brooks as president. In 1990. the company eventually recorded net incomes in 1990 for the first clip by marketing their encephalon monitoring equipment to kip clinics. In 1991. Cohen met with Bruce Johnson. who wanted to scientifically progress some thoughts he had for a nasal distending system. After many efforts to distend his ain nasal transitions internally. he came up with the thought to distend them externally. Johnson so spent the following three old ages working on a spring laden strip that would raise his anterior nariss and maintain them dilated. CNS so acquired the rights to market and sell this merchandise in 1992. and Cohen reassumed the place of president. In 1993. CNS hired Richard E. Jahnke as their new president. Because of a drawn-out FDA blessing procedure. it took a piece before the Breathe Right strips could be sold to distributers. Because of this and because of continued losingss in the sleep upset market. CNS reported more losingss in 1993. In 1994. nevertheless. things started to alter. CNS was allowed shelf infinite in Eckerds. Walgreens. and Snyders. This. along with two indorsements from Herschel Walker and Jerry Rice. two outstanding NFL jocks who swore by the usage of the strip at the clip. the gross revenues of Breathe Right doubled in the 4th one-fourth of 1994. The company enjoyed continued success through marketing the strips as a usage for athletic sweetening. a remedy for saw wooding. a sleep assistance. and a drug free manner of degongestion. Fiscal and Non-Financial Goals The original non-financial end of CNS was to bring forth efficient and utile engineering to supervise encephalon activity that brain doctors could utilize to efficaciously have and interpret informations from electrical signals in the patient’s encephalon in existent clip during an operation. After this effort at invention failed to be profitable. the company acquired the selling rights to the rhinal strips invented by Bruce Johnson. and the company’s primary end was the selling and gross revenues of the Breathe Right rhinal strip. Beginnings hypertext transfer protocol: //www. replies. com/topic/cns-inc hypertext transfer protocol: //www. replies. com/topic/cns-inc # ixzz2HFZZmk2c hypertext transfer protocol: //www. calmu. edu/blog/international-marketing-the-success-of-cns-breathe-right-nasal-strips/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=iexvzcmzYB0 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. breatheright. com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. studymode. com/essays/Analysis-Cns-Breathe-Right-Strips-62927. hypertext markup language

Hitchcocks ingenuity Essay Example

Hitchcocks ingenuity Essay Example Hitchcocks ingenuity Essay Hitchcocks ingenuity Essay Psycho was first released in 1957 in the form of a novel written by Robert Bloch though it is better known as a film by Alfred Hitchcock first released on the big screen in 1960. Hitchcock brought the storyline of the novel for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9500 after originally offering à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5000 as an anonymous caller (Hitchcock did this because if the novelist had known that it was Hitchcock calling he would have charged him much more). Hitchcock took complete control of the film buy making himself director and the editor of the film. The film which was highly controversial at the time due to the strict morals and ethics enforced by the M.P.A. (originally established in 1930 by the Hayes Office), escaped the censorship laws due to numerous tricks that Hitchcock deployed to bend the rules. Hitchcocks past experience helped him through the first hurdle of getting the film through the censors and despite the contreversiality of the film Hitchcock got it through virtually unaltered to the origin al plan. The first trick that Hitchcock deployed was to put absolutely shocking sequences into the film which were there for the sole purpose of distracting the censors away from the bits that he did want to put in, such as the shower scene. An example of this is when Hitchcock put in a clear reference to Norman having a sexual relationship with his mother which Hitchcock knew would immediately be taken out by the censors. In addition to this Hitchcock used clever camera work (as used in the shower scene) to avoid showing unpresentable material such as nudity, therefore outmanoeuvring the M.P.A.. Hitchcock also submitted unchanged scenes to the M.P.A. that he had been asked to re-edit and used exchanges to get certain scenes that he really wanted in instead of scenes that he was not particularly bothered about. Hitchcock also got round Normans transvestitism, which along with homosexuality was taboo at the time, by saying that Norman was not dressing up as a woman for sexual orientation and therefore was not a transvestite. Also note that in addition to the M.P.A. there were non-governmental groups such as the Catholic League of Decency that could mount substantial opposition to a film if they did not think that it was a ppropriate to be shown at the cinemas (although if the M.P.A approved of a film then the other organisations would generally follow suit). As Hitchcock released a variety of posters that hint different things to the audience: This poster has various clues about the plot or overall theme of the film for instance the cracked writing of the word psycho could represent a cracked mind or could alternatively represent knife slashes, this makes the audience think the film could be to do with either of the two points, both of them or even neither of them and is just put there to confuse this maintains the overall suspense surrounding the film. The film title itself psycho these-days connotes a knife wielding manic but at this time the word was known but uncommonly used psychology wasnt a big as a thing then than it is now. The colors red and black that feature heavy in the poster connotes blood darkness and evil also confirming the audiences fears that the film is a frightening or worrying experience. The woman in the background screaming also adds more evidence to this idea of darkness and fear. Silhouetting prevents us from s eeing, what we think to be the antagonist his outline out of proportion almost like Frankensteins monster tells us that whoever it is could be monstrous it could also tell us that as the monster was made up of different body parts of different people could have been used to represent the more than one personality that lurks in the character. Hitchcock also includes his name on the poster he knows that just his name alone would help sell the film as he is one of if not the greatest director of this time. Hitchcocks other marketing ploys also greatly contributed to the overall tense atmosphere of the film, it is rumored that he made people sign a contract that stated that they would not reveal the films ending. He even apparently bought all copies of the books the film was based on by Robert Blach and all the rights to it so it couldnt be published. The phrase No-one but no-one will be admitted after the film has started printed on posters ensured the films atmosphere wouldnt be spoiled made it seem that the film was that good it wasnt allowed by anybody to be spoiled, people running down the aisles terrified by what they saw made the film seem like it was one of the most petrifying experiences ever. Hitchcocks ingenuity did not stop at his ability to get round the censors but he was also a master at creating suspense, horror and making his films unpredictable. Often to create suspense Hitchcock will use none diagetic sounds (sounds which are unflowing or out of tune) which will making the audience feel uneasy, especially uneasy for the character that the camera is facing (if there is only one). Hitchcock would often throw in red herrings into his films to make the audience feel at ease before something terribly awful happens therefore magnifying the feeling of horror through the feeling of surprise. Hitchcock may also throw in plot twists commonly known, as red herrings into the film just to make sure that the film was unpredictable and constantly entertaining. In fact Hitchcock is so good at this that he does it through writing at the very start of the film. As the camera comes into the room where Marion and her boyfriend are embracing semi-naked on the bed writing comes up on the screen in block capitals This format is not one that is associated to the horror genre but more to the detective thriller type genre. This sort of writing is seen in programmes such as the X-Files and Police programmes. Immediately this throws the audience off track and then when Marion steals $40,000 dollars from her workplace runs away with the money and is being followed by a policeman who is clearly highly suspicious of her the audience is utterly convinced that the film could be nothing other than a detective thriller with Janet Leigh (the star actor of her time) as the main actor in the film. In fact the audience is thrown off the track so badly that they start wondering why the film is called Psycho. However this is just a trick thrown in by Alfred Hitchcock to make the death of what is thought to be the main actor in the film one third of the way through at a seemingly pleasant motel all the more shocking. The other thing to look out for in Hitchcocks films are the use of ironic lines that seem meani ngless at the time but when put together at the end of at the end of the seem to fit together into a little riddle to reveal the storyline e.g. You ought to pull into a motel somewhere you know just to be safe. The first instance when Hitchcock makes the audience feel really uneasy is when Marion is driving out of town with $40000 and her employer spots her after Marion told her boss that she was not feeling to good and she was going home to lie down. What is particularly worrying for the audience is that her boss is with the man that the money has been lent from. When her boss looks Marion straight in the eye and we have a view from Marions eyes the audience immediately jumps to Marions side and thinks Oh no Marion is going to get caught (although Marion is the one that is committing the crime and therefore we should really want her to get caught if anything) as the music gets loader and her boss has been looking at her for longer and has clearly recognised her the tension and tension builds up and we get more and more nervous for Marions plight unaware that later in the film we will be on the side of her killer to get away with her murder. The other purpose that this scene fulfils is to throw the audience off the trail of a slasher movie by manipulating the audience into thinking that the film is all about the $40,000 that Marion has stolen. Hitchcock does this by showing that her employer is suspicious of her and thinks that she may have the money. Hitchcock also follows up this red herring by having a policeman follow her who is also clearly highly suspicious of the women. Hitchcock makes us feel particularly nervous in this scene (especially whilst she is actually buying the car) even though this is only a red herring Hitchcock clearly wants to hide this fact by making it seem, as it is particularly important to the plot of the film. Hitchcock makes us feel nervous for Marion in the car salesmen scene by constantly flashing back at the policemans face to see what he is doing and whether he is going to do anything to Marion or not. Marion also is showing signs of nervousness herself and by asking the salesman if she can find a ladys room when she is supposed to be in a hurry she attracts a large degree of unnecessary attention to herself. The next important scene that we meet in the film is the parlour scene. The interesting part in this scene is not the way that Hitchcock builds up tension or horror but the use of ironic lines and the irony in the scene. To start with Norman seems like a very friendly guy but during this scene we find out how protective mother is of him and also how protective he is of mother. We find this out after mother has a row with Norman in the house, which does (undoubtedly not by coincidence) look rather more suspicious than the Motel itself. Norman also protects Mother after a hint by Marion that perhaps mother should be sent to a mental institution. He defends her by saying arguably the most ironic line in the film, Its not as if mother were a maniac a raving thing. She just goes a little mad sometimes. We all go a little mad sometimes. Havent You? Norman also suggests that mother is completely harmless. The fact that Norman is readily discussing mother and has had a conversation with her (albeit out of sight) means that we are not at all expecting for Norman to be mother. Neither is we expecting mother to go and kill anyone because she is supposedly harmless. The mise en scene of this particular scene is very interesting there are two birds of prey there (the owl and the crow) which both represent death. The birds are also stuffed to keep them new, the same as he has done to his mother. This is one of the most meaningful and ironic mise scenes that is seen through the whole film. The position of the birds is also particularly interesting they are towering over Marion suggesting perhaps that death is going to come to her soon, although at the time we do not notice this or think it through enough to guess that she is going to get killed. The most time consuming horrific and to some the most important scene in the film is to follow. After a slow down in tempo of the film the audience is feeling pretty relaxed, after the voyeuristic shot of Norman peeping through a hole in the wall (voyeurism being something that Hitchcock seems to be particularly obsessed with, and being used to perhaps suggest that he may be doing something that has been shown in the second film under more lax censorship rules), the audience will be utterly shocked. The part of the film that is most shocking and horrific scene in the film (and some would say in any film) is to come. Hitchcock has slowed down the tempo of the film purposefully, so that the audience will feel more shocked at the sudden death of Marion. Diagetic and rhythmic music is used whilst the audience pleasantly views one of the biggest stars of the day in the shower. As she is one of the biggest stars of her day and also advertised as the star/main actor in the film the audience is fooled into thinking that one third of the way through a detective thriller she is highly unlikely to be killed. However Hitchcock had put this in to add extra surprise to her gruesome death. When mother enters the room we see just her shadow creep up but the purposefully dim lighting and the use of the shower curtain to obscure the few hide the large figure of a man and seem to make the killer look smaller. Our instant reaction is Marion turn round, which just goes to show that we have already sided with Marion (so in this scene we are feeling an attachment to Marion). As mother gets closer to Marion the sounds that have now turned to non-diagetic sounds gradually get louder building up tension inside us. When mother finally gets to the shower it takes 45 seconds to kill Marion which on camera took 8 days to film due to Hitchcocks want for perfection. The scene was particularly difficult to film because at the time no nudity was allowed nor would a knife touching human flesh be allowed. Hitchcock however got round this by clever editing therefore outmanoeuvring the Motion Picture Association. You never actually see the murder but it is so obviously happening that your mi nd puts the jigsaw together to make the story fit. Some people will argue that this technique of making someone put together the pieces is far more horrific than just simply showing it, which meant the Hitchcock got what he wanted from the scene, so much so in fact that for days, weeks and in some cases months after the film people did not take showers because they were scared that they may meet the same fate as Marion. The excellent variety of angles shown in the footage is astonishing and makes you feel lost because especially with the use of fast editing. The fast editing makes the audience feel that the attack was particularly sudden and brutal and also leaves the audience shocked who less than a minute ago were sitting in a detective thriller comfortably eating there popcorn and are now sitting in the most horrific horror movie that they had ever seen back then. Some interesting extra facts about this scene is that it was performed on a 12 foot by 12foot stage which is very confined, he used chocolate sauce as blood yet still ma naged to make it look incredibly realistic and also that 1 woman saw Marion breathe when she was dead after being murdered so Hitchcock had to re-shoot that piece such was his want for perfection in this scene. The Arboghast killing lets the audience knows that no-one is safe not even a private detective. As Arboghast enters the house the audience thinks that he can handle the killer. As the tense music starts and the crack of light appears through the door we know something is going to happen. The music develops into one long high pitched note; we see birds of prey foreshadowing his death as they did with Marions. The jerky violin kicks in; we see the killer as a woman which tries to make the identity of the killer obvious. Again we dont see the knife stab but we do see the victims wound which is very vicious stretching across his face. Arboghast is reaching out to the audience when he falls down the stairs causing the audience to want to help him but knowing they cant they feel sorry for him as they what will happen when he reaches the bottom. The stabbing violins again create shock and terror on the audience. The whole killing is done in one continuous shot in contrast with the sharp cut s in Marions killing. The next scene that is particularly good to analyse when Lila is looking around Normans house. As she walks towards the house it looks much more sinister than the motel itself and the fact that there are steps going up to it and it is on raised ground seem to add an edge to its spookiness. The fact that the house looks so spooky immediately puts the audience on the edge of their seats and they feel incredibly nervous for Lilas plight. Lila goes up into mothers bedroom she looks inside mothers cupboard and finds that all of the clothes are still in the cupboard and that everything in the room seems to have been left the same. This is the first point in the film that you see where Normans hobby of taxidermy fits in and why Hitchcock put it in. The audience at this point of course knows about mother having been put in the fruit cellar (which the whole point of is to preserve fruit for as long as possible). The audience by now has started to get a growing suspicion that something siniste r may be going on inside the house. At this stage of the film you may have also noticed that Hitchcock often puts mirrors in scenes perhaps to add depth to the scene? Normans room has also been left relatively untouched since that time that mother died which also makes the audience feel as though something is not quite right. When Norman enters the house the suspense and tension and the nervousness for Lila increases up a gear although we are not yet sure whether Norman would harm her or not we know that he is capable of doing so after his scuffle with Sam. Lila hides down the stairs as Norman goes upstairs and then Hitchcock fits in a part with dramatic irony. Lila thinks that if she goes into the fruit cellar then she will more than likely be safe however the audience knows or think they know that mother the psychopath will kill her if she goes into the fruit cellar this makes the audience even more nervous tense and feeling under suspense. As Lila enters the room the audience starts biting their fingernails and as she gets closer the tension mounts. She goes closer and closer to mother, as the audience gradually get more and more nervous. Eventually when she reaches mother she turns the chair round only to find that there is a skeleton on it. You would think that this would calm down the audience but in fact it heightens the tension as the audience sees how all of the previous scenes fit together and make sense. The audience now knows that Norman is the killer and that he is inevitably going to find Lila especially after she screamed at the sight of the skeleton (which by the way was quite jumpy because of the unexpectancy). The tension heightens again and then up another level when Norman (dressed as mother) enters the room, so much so that it was the most tense moment that I personally have ever experienced in any film that I have ever watched. However Sam then disarms Norman. One interesting thing about that scene is the way that Hitchcock manages to spin round a wooden chair with legs on without squeaking completely unrealistically without the audience noticing. Hitchcock did this to make the scene run more smoothly and what he had to do to achieve this was to put a prop man under the chair to spin it round. The last scene that I would like to write about is the scene where Norman is attempting to sink Marions car along with her body and $40,000. The interesting thing about this scene is that we are willing the car to sink even though we know that it is wrong to think that. Really we know that Norman should not sink it but report it to the police or get his mother put in a mental asylum; however Hitchcock manipulates our thoughts to think what he wants us to think. The first way that Hitchcock did this is by positioning the camera at one point as though we are looking through Normans eyes this helps us take Normans side and so we will the car to sink. The other reason is that we feel sorry for Norman who at this stage in the film seems to be dominated by a madwomen who will not allow him to do anything. We also do not particularly want mother to be caught as she is mentally ill and so it seems unlikely that she would have done it of her own accord. We also feel that even if Norman did re port it to the police they would immediately think it was him rather than a frail old women. It is also just a boy trying to protect his mother. The film at its time was the scariest thing most people had saw; however today audience have been desensitizes by the amount of horror and thriller films around today. We dont get hit with the same impact the audience of the 1960s did as it was a new idea which broke conventions and even created same more setting a standard for all horror-thriller films. I think that the film wasnt scary as I am a member of todays desensitized audience however my heart did jump when the stabbing violin combined superbly with the on-screen action. Throughout the film there is transference is guilt for example Marions guilt being replaced by Normans guilt, innocent characters failings are magnified. Hitchcock also shows things to the audience that the characters dont know then builds tension around what will happen when the characters the characters find out. The plot also revolves around the money which incites curiosity, desire and motivates the characters. The money however never leaves Marion thoug h audience and characters think that hed killed her for the money. Hitchcock preferring suspense over surprise, hence the title master of suspense. All of this comes together to make psycho a truly frightening experience for the audience of the time.

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison - Essay Example This approach advocates for the natural process in order to remove harmful chemicals from the affected regions. During this process, microbes that are artificially prepared or naturally available consume the hydrocarbon that is found in the affected mixture of petroleum and water. This article depicts Traditional gas chromatographs and Modern GCxGC as two approaches to understanding the chemical composition of the spilled fuel. Even though the technology was effective in demarcating some harmful chemical components in an oil sample, it is incapable of resolving minute chemical components of the oil sample. Modern GCxGC is effective as compared to the Traditional gas chromatographs in that it is able to delineate various compounds found in the oil sample regardless of their sizes. Even though Florida spill occurred more than three decades ago, the area is still affected. According to the studies done by scientists, microbes are not consuming the compounds found in the remaining oil sp ill. Some of the reasons that might have caused lack of consumption by the microbes including lack of oxygen in the sediments, or lack of sulfate in the environment. Sulfate is a chemical compound. In 2003, another spill occurred in Buzzards Bay where more than 98,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel was spilled.Various researchers including Bob Nelson collected the samples for analyses. The results from the analysts indicated that major compounds of the oil spill evaporated, degraded by microbes or were water washed.... Robot submarines The robot submarines that were controlled by a remote were an additional technology that ensured petroleum that was far deep in the sea was reached. Through this technology, the flow of oil deep the sea can be regulated. In the same way, through complex machines that are installed by the robot submarines are able to prevent the freezing of natural gas. It is important to note that through the use of this technology, 10 biggest oil producing companies have increased their oil reserves by 5% (Roger 6). Conclusion Based on the above analyses, it is vital to note that the role of technology in the oil extraction cannot be overlooked. The emulation of the four technologies that include 4-D approach, injection of steam and carbon dioxide, use of remote controlled robot submarines and directional drilling has resulted to an increase of oil production by more than 20% in the year 2010.This article is interesting in that it indicates how the technology in the oil extraction p rocess is significance in increasing the global oil reserves. Due to the recent global fuel crises, companies should emulate modern technology to diversify their oil reserves as a major step to curd the current shortage that has resulted to global high fuel prices and inflation. Article on oil in our costal back yard This article covers on the awful effects of oil spills that have been experienced in various parts of the world. One of the major oil spills that triggered the interest of scientists such as George Hampson and Howard Sanders occurred at Cape Cod in 1969 (Christopher 1). During that time No. 2 oil whose capacity was 189, gallons were spilt. The rocky and narrow water ways are the major cause of oil spills in New

Managing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Managing Across Cultures - Essay Example It refers to various concepts of managing across cultures to explain the content of the article. Therefore, it is an important post which enables readers to connect various concepts to real world situations. The article reviewed suggests that the diverse human capital of an organisation can be used to represent the different needs of customers from different parts of the word. This is supported by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (2012) who suggest that managing diversity is important for companies located in different countries in order to utilize special capacities and gain competitive advantage. The article also indicates that diversity exists in terms of gender. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (2012) elaborate on gender differences, suggesting that female are more outer directed and synchronic than men. Women create values that are different but complementary to those of men. Therefore, they create a synthesis of values. Regarding the importance of diversity on the performance of an organisation, the article reviewed by this post suggests that diversity in the workforce can benefit the company through improved performance if the company utilizes the different capabilities of the organisation. Different knowledge and skills are utilized from diversity in the workplace to create and innovate more effectively. Therefore, it shows that diversity is not just a challenge but also an opportunity for organisations. The main challenge identified in an organisation’s workplace is the difficulty of managers to bring together people from different cultural backgrounds. Managers need to understand that managing across cultures requires people to respect each other’s beliefs and culture (Gudykunst, 1997). The skills and capabilities of different employees need to be utilized in order to achieve higher performance and productivity. There may be various additions to this post. The post has not

Audience Analysis Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Audience Analysis Memo - Assignment Example Offering these descriptions have considerable influence on the completion of the presented project since these descriptions provide the focus points. The primary audiences are decision makers of the senior level who include CEOs and other executives involved in global business. The secondary audiences are the middle management that usually facilitates communication between the senior management and workers without management roles (Adebi, 2008). Other audiences may comprise of business players in the industry and regular workers. The audiences have profound educational backgrounds and their job responsibilities may include change management, eradicating barriers and creating an organizational culture (Adebi, 2008). The age ranges between 25-65 years with the gender being well distributed throughout the company’s positions. The audience possesses diversified ethnic background with most being from China, which serves as the host country. The religious beliefs ought to be considered due to the diversity of the employees (Didier, 2002). The audiences have little knowledge concerning the topic and, therefore, require deep training regarding the matter. The audiences have considerable interest regarding the topic and offer positive attitudes towards the topic. The audiences require cross-cultural knowledge, since they have to cope with individuals possessing diverse cultures in China. Therefore, the audiences expect to acquire knowledge concerning cultural diversity, and ways to avert bias at the

Battling Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Battling Crime - Assignment Example As the program is discussed, the theories are also discussed hand in hand with the program it supports. (Remove: should you need my service again, contact me through my email please ichurya2003atyahoodotcom. Thank you) Battling Crimes Introduction The prevalence of crime in communities differs and so with the type of crimes involved. Battling crimes in each community is a challenging task. It challenges the patience and wit of law enforcers as well as policy makers. While arresting and imprisonment reduce crime, it is not the final answer to all types of crimes. It requires policies and programs supported with theories to effectively respond to the needs of criminals. The focus of this study is to include four policies to battle crimes with the corresponding criminological theories supporting each. Discussion Weed and Seed Programs The Weed and Seed program which started in 1991 is an operation in an effort to control the proliferation of violent crimes, drug related crimes, and drug trafficking among others in selected neighborhood believed to be high risk. The goal of the program is to establish a neighborhood free of crime and free of drug use which would be safe for law abiding citizens to work, live and raise their families. The strategy of the program in making the neighborhood safe and clean is to employ two strategies that is â€Å"weeding† out criminals from the area and â€Å"seeding† the area with services of the law enforcers and the community. Maintaining peace and order is both the concern of the police officers and the citizens living in those areas targeted. Police officers are taken out from their patrol cars and assigned in the streets of the high risk neighborhood to dispatch their duties and responsibilities to be available in cases someone from the neighborhood report any incidences of crimes (Travis, 1999). The assumption of Weed and Seed program exemplifies the concept of broken window theory where in if one window is broken and left unattended or unrepaired the whole window of the building will soon follow to be broken. Along this line, the Weed and Seed program believes that when a single window is left unattended whether this is in the form of small breakage or a huge one, it signals that nobody cares and that window lovers in the form of criminals continue to carry out breaking new windows (Wilson & Kelling, 1982) which might encourage law abiding citizen to do the same as it is accepted in the community. Such postulation gives criminals the freedom to enjoy their criminal acts until the community control is challenged and breakdowns. The Weed and Seed program assumes that bringing the service on foot repairs criminal acts and improve the community. Although, the study of O’Boyle (2007) revealed an unanticipated results that crimes in Pennsylvania remained unchanged, the window theory and the Weed and Seed program posits that the best solution still would be to quickly fix windows being brok en to maintain intact communities. Diversion Programs Diversion program is a form of restorative measures to channel out juvenile offenders from the justice system. The attempt to divert youth offenders is based on a philosophy that the juvenile justice system poses more as a threat than serving good intention. Proponents of the programs believe that courts may stigmatize some juveniles

Management functions and roles in health care Essay

Management functions and roles in health care - Essay Example Such a setting does not necessarily have to be in the health sector for leadership practices to achieve the desired goals and objectives. However, leadership is fundamental in the health care setting, just like it is in any other setting. The significance of leadership is derived from the fact that it can be transformational, transactional, or both. Whichever the case, leadership enhances operations in the environment within which it is applied. In the health care setting, leadership exhibits both transformational and transactional properties. There are numerous stakeholders in the health sector, an aspect that makes health care management a cooperative and collaborative effort between these stakeholders (Showalter, 2012). For an organization in the health setting, transformational leadership fosters functional relations between all the parties involved in the running of health care operations. Inspiration and motivation of health care practitioners constitute the primary objective of transformational leadership in health care. Under transformational leadership, the leadership lowers itself to the position of the employees, thus working together under an environment that can be said to observe no leadership hierarchy. On the other hand, transactional leadership is result-oriented (Afo, Thomason, & Karel, 2006). Here, duties, roles and responsibilities are clearly defined. Power and authority rules, and management hierarchy is the order of the day. This aspect of leadership is designed to prompt the health care organization to perform efficiently and effectively in its operations. Activities are well coordinated for the purpose of meeting the desired results. Leadership oversees the smooth running of operations in the organization. The ultimate practice is to unite the different departments that make up the organization for the purpose of achieving

Battling Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Battling Crime - Assignment Example As the program is discussed, the theories are also discussed hand in hand with the program it supports. (Remove: should you need my service again, contact me through my email please ichurya2003atyahoodotcom. Thank you) Battling Crimes Introduction The prevalence of crime in communities differs and so with the type of crimes involved. Battling crimes in each community is a challenging task. It challenges the patience and wit of law enforcers as well as policy makers. While arresting and imprisonment reduce crime, it is not the final answer to all types of crimes. It requires policies and programs supported with theories to effectively respond to the needs of criminals. The focus of this study is to include four policies to battle crimes with the corresponding criminological theories supporting each. Discussion Weed and Seed Programs The Weed and Seed program which started in 1991 is an operation in an effort to control the proliferation of violent crimes, drug related crimes, and drug trafficking among others in selected neighborhood believed to be high risk. The goal of the program is to establish a neighborhood free of crime and free of drug use which would be safe for law abiding citizens to work, live and raise their families. The strategy of the program in making the neighborhood safe and clean is to employ two strategies that is â€Å"weeding† out criminals from the area and â€Å"seeding† the area with services of the law enforcers and the community. Maintaining peace and order is both the concern of the police officers and the citizens living in those areas targeted. Police officers are taken out from their patrol cars and assigned in the streets of the high risk neighborhood to dispatch their duties and responsibilities to be available in cases someone from the neighborhood report any incidences of crimes (Travis, 1999). The assumption of Weed and Seed program exemplifies the concept of broken window theory where in if one window is broken and left unattended or unrepaired the whole window of the building will soon follow to be broken. Along this line, the Weed and Seed program believes that when a single window is left unattended whether this is in the form of small breakage or a huge one, it signals that nobody cares and that window lovers in the form of criminals continue to carry out breaking new windows (Wilson & Kelling, 1982) which might encourage law abiding citizen to do the same as it is accepted in the community. Such postulation gives criminals the freedom to enjoy their criminal acts until the community control is challenged and breakdowns. The Weed and Seed program assumes that bringing the service on foot repairs criminal acts and improve the community. Although, the study of O’Boyle (2007) revealed an unanticipated results that crimes in Pennsylvania remained unchanged, the window theory and the Weed and Seed program posits that the best solution still would be to quickly fix windows being brok en to maintain intact communities. Diversion Programs Diversion program is a form of restorative measures to channel out juvenile offenders from the justice system. The attempt to divert youth offenders is based on a philosophy that the juvenile justice system poses more as a threat than serving good intention. Proponents of the programs believe that courts may stigmatize some juveniles

Marketing plane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing plane - Essay Example In addition, the Unilever top management believes that this sale would assist the company to focus more on its core objectives and to continue to deliver sustainable growth for the organisation. According to Kees Kruythoff, president of Unilever North America, â€Å"as we continue to shape our portfolio to deliver sustainable growth for Unilever, this change will give us the focus to drive growth behind our core foods portfolio† (qtd in Dornbrook). In addition, Unilever plans to generate 70% of its total sales from emerging markets by 2020. Probably, Wish-Bone is less likely to gain a wider market acceptance in emerging markets like China, India, or Russia. Therefore, Unilever decided to sell out its iconic brand to add value to its long term business goals. When Unilever sells their iconic brand, Pinnacle Foods has their reasons to buy it. First, the current market position of the Pinnacle Foods justifies the firm’s decision to acquire Wish-Bone. The company’s well recognised products are used by roughly 85% of the American households, and the organisation holds #1 or #2 market position in 10 of the 12 categories in which it operates. Hence it would be easy for the Pinnacle Foods to increase the American market share of Wish-Bone, which is already a leading salad dressing brand in North America. In addition, the planned acquisition supports the firm’s market expansion strategies. In the words of Pinnacle Foods CEO Bob Gamgort, â€Å"the acquisition of Wish-Bone is a perfect fit with our successful strategy of Reinvigorating Iconic Brands.† (qtd in Dornbrook). He adds that proposed acquisition would benefit the company to achieve cost synergies and to enhance its ability to provide consumers with better meal solutions and recipe ideas. The Pinnacle management also claims that Wish-Bone brand has ‘attractive margins’ and a strong cash flow. The top management thinks that its improved efficiencies on the

Teacher’s Day Essay Example for Free

Teacher’s Day Essay On this very special occasion of Teacher’s Day, I would like to express my personal greetings and best wishes to all teachers and my fellow colleagues. Also, I would like to thank the parents who believe in us and send their children to Krista Kindergarten. I have been in the position of the school Principal for over 9 years and I must say I feel very happy to have lovely, sociable, and confident students in school. The students’ happiness in our school encourages and reminds the teaching staff to fulfill their educating responsibility, to devote themselves to their students. The teaching staff of our school always performs their best to deserve your trust for Krista Kindergarten. Every teacher feels like giving more enthusiasm to love our school and to our students Teachers mold the lives that they influence. Lessons learned from teachers remain with their students throughout life. Teachers that break down barriers and reach into the souls of the students that they are responsible for do not get the recognition or gratitude they have earned. Many teachers are exhausted from their workload and responsibilities. They have their own families, financial and life stresses that challenge them along with everyone else. Thus, we should always respect our teachers. I have received many beautiful fresh flowers and best wishes from my students, colleagues, and parents. Once again, I would like to thank all representatives, teachers, parents, and students. I respectfully wish you health, happiness, and success. Happy Teacher’s Day! Thank you.

Universalist Approach To Strategic Human Resource Management Business Essay

Universalist Approach To Strategic Human Resource Management Business Essay Your role and background is that of a Human Resource Management generalist consultant who has been called in to provide observations and suggestions to the current situation. You are an HRM generalist who has been asked to sit in on the meeting with John of PF. The CEO will ask for your opinions about how the organisation can move forward and overcome the current issues that it is experiencing. This is based on two critical forms of fit. Firstly, external fit and secondly internal fit. The external fit has to do with the HR strategy that fits with the demands of business Strategy. It is also referred to as vertical integration, the internal fit which is also referred to as horizontal integration suggests that all HR policies and activities fit together so that they make a coherent whole, are mutually reinforcing and are applied consistently. The strength of this model is that it provides a simple framework to show how selection, appraisal, development and reward can be mutually geared to produce the required of employee performance. Resource based approach This approach in concerned with the relationships between internal resources of which Human resources are one, strategy and the firm performance. It focuses on the Promotion of sustained competitive advantage through the development of human capital rather than merely aligning human resources to current strategic goals. The universalistic perspective posits the best of HR practices, implying that business strategies and HRM policies are mutually independent in determining business performance. The contingency perspective emphasizes the fit between business strategy and HRM policies and strategies, implying that business strategies are followed by HRM policies in determining business performance. The configurationally perspective posits a simultaneous internal and external fit between a firms external environment, business strategy and HR strategy, implying that business strategies and HRM policies interact, according to organisational context in determining business performance. Recruitment and selection Using the three recruitment methods of advertising in the national press, advertising in the technical press, and the internet, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each. National press When considering a press adverting campaign there are two main venues to think about; newspapers and magazines. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. The magazine ads look better but the quality and the workmanship that goes into producing a magazine ad make it expensive. The readership of a magazine, on the other hand, is much easier to target, and is comes with the type of magazine you choose; a car magazine, sports or fashion magazine. On the flip side, magazine ads are viewed more times than newspaper ads and can double the exposure of the readership. the newspaper ad is much quicker and cheaper. Newspapers vary in circulation and with that they vary drastically in price. From the national press advertising campaign in newspapers, advertising in newspapers still holds a charm. Newspapers give credibility to the ads unlike radio advertising that is heard while doing something else, newspaper reading is done when a person has leisure time and his attention is not diverted. Local press advertising has benefits when dealing with a local supplier. Internet Advertising is the branch of marketing that deals with communicating to customers about products, brands, services and companies. The Internet, as a global communications medium, provides advertisers with unique and often cost-effective ways of reaching advertising audiences. As with all media, however, advertising on the Internet has unique advantages and disadvantages. Advertising on the Internet is almost a necessity for modern businesses, especially those that do business outside of their local community. Consumers use the Internet for more than simply entertainment or information, as they do with radio, television, magazines and newspapers. Consumers use the Internet to assist them in nearly every aspect of life, creating countless opportunities to place relevant, targeted ad messages. The Internets vast reach can allow advertisers to reach significantly more people than traditional advertising media at a fraction of the cost. Internet advertising is ideal for businesses with a national or international target market and large-scale distribution capabilities. As a rule, the more people your business serves, the most cost-efficient internet advertising can be. Internet advertising can also be more targeted than some traditional media, ensuring that your messages are seen by the most relevant audiences. One disadvantage of advertising on the Inter net is that your marketing materials are automatically available for anyone in the world to copy, regardless of the legal ramifications. Logos, images and trademarks can be copied and used for commercial purposes, or even to slander or mock your company. This is not the case with television and magazine advertising, wherein images must be replicated rather than simply copied electronically. Another disadvantage is the fact that the Internet-advertising gold rush has begun to introduce ad clutter to the Web. Web users are so inundated with banner ads and spam email that they have begun to ignore internet advertising just as much as ads on traditional media. Technical press There are many trades, technical and professional magazines read by customers, suppliers and businesses in your sector. If your business sells to other businesses, advertisements in these publications can be a powerful way of gaining sales, product enquiries, higher profile, trade partnerships and even potential investors. Editorials are generally perceived by readers to be independent and impartial and are therefore seen as more trustworthy than advertisements. Editorial support or endorsement helps lend your business credibility with the reader. A proactive PR strategy can increase your chances of gaining favorable editorial content. The technical press can also be used for recruitment and to source suppliers. Trade magazines provide a variety of ways to advertise: Classified advertising particularly for recruitment and gaining suppliers. Display and semi-display display advertisements are bigger and more sophisticated, often appear on editorial pages or in special supplements, and can use pictures and other design devices. Advertisement features theyre laid out like editorial pages but feature you and your business or product. You pay for them, and you may also be given advertisement space. Your suppliers might advertise as well and offset the cost. Loose inserts that you supply yourself to the magazine publisher for them to insert into the magazine. Advantages and Disadvantages of performance related pay Performance related pay is the idea of Fredrick Taylor who comprised his theory of scientific management. It is a bonus salary increase awarded in line with an employees achievement over a range of criteria. These criteria depend on each job. Awards are decided based on appraisal results. They must link achievements to pay. Advantages Rewards employees with highest productivity It is argued this system motivates staff It enables firms to recruit highly qualified staff who like the idea of being to earn a bonus Encourages employees whose performance is not u to scratch to leave company on a voluntary basis Easy to identify companies aims and objectives Disadvantages Only those who perform well get paid High flyers find it attractive possible to give employees no pay rise at all Inflation means pay will be cut and this coupled with; the indignity of being judged and found wanting, would make it that employees see a job elsewhere. Employees can be de-motivated if the goals set are too hard to achieve. Disgruntled employees Performance related pay cannot be determined unless there is a measuring system in place to assess output. It also provides a limiting factor to the use and extension of incentive pay in instances where work is difficult to measure. Where output cannot be measured, the sensible solution seems not to pay any bonus. However, because some jobs are difficult to measure, doesnt mean that good performance shouldnt be rewarded.. Learning and Training The essential purpose of training is to develop that knowledge and those skills and aptitudes which contribute to the welfare of the company and its employees. Further, all training programmes aim at making the employees more effective and productive in their present job and increasing their potential for higher level jobs. For effective transfer of training to occur, two conditions must be met; The trainee must be able to take the material learnt in the training process and apply it to the job context in which they work. The use of the learnt material must be maintained overtime on the job. Benefits of Good Training Programme It increases performance on the job, if applied. It help employee to raise current skill levels and correct any deficiency that have in doing their job efficiently. It enables present employees to acquire more and greater skill, thus increasing their versatility for transfers and their qualifications for promotions. If employees are properly trained, accidents, soiled work, and damage to machines and equipment are reduced. Training helps employees to adjust to new methods and processes that are introduced from time to time. Good training reduces dissatisfaction and absenteeism because it helps both new and experienced employees to use to the full, their individual capacities. It improves the quality of output which will benefit the company in the long run. Training improves the promotional prospect. Evaluation The HR Manager has o critically assess the training after the training exercise to determine if there is any change in their knowledge, skills, attitudes and ability. It is important to understand which skills; attitude and ability existed before therefore it is recommended that a measure of performance be undertaken before the training program begins. Transfer/behaviour This address the question, to what extent did the participant job behaviour change as a result of the training? Are the participants using their newly acquired skills and knowledge in their work environment? Is their change in behaviour and new knowledge sustained, are they using them effectively overtime. Is the trainee able to transfer the new skills to another person? Result Results answer the question, how is the training impacting on the organization overall. Is There a reduction in cost, increase in sales, are there more persons being attracted to company, improvement in production levels, less customer complaints or reduction in incidents? Performance appraisal This system is designed to measure the actual job performance of an employee. It provides feedback about the success about previous trainees and discloses the need for additional training. It helps to determine rewards or sanctions eg, of reward are pay increases based on his/her performance, promotion, commendation, demotion, warning or termination. It also gives the employee a clear understanding where he stands in relation to the organisation performance expectation. Performance Management System Performance appraisal is a method of evaluating a workers performance to ascertain how well he/she is meeting up with performance standards and targets and communicating it to the worker in order to set up a plan of improvement. Performance is the degree of accomplishment of the tasks that make up an employees job. An individuals performance is a combination of: Effort-physical and mental energy put in a work Ability-personal characteristics used doing a job Role perception-an understanding of direction and requirements of a job Performance evaluation on individual and group is usually based on: Standards set at the planning stage Performance targets set for individual or groups Accountability-the rate at which an employee understands and takes responsibility for his actions Competencies-the skills, experience, knowledge that a worker exhibits in a job Uses of performance appraisal Performance appraisal information can be used for: Promotions Firings/layoffs Merit pay increases Individual and organisational training and development Suggesting changes in behaviour, attitudes, skills or knowledge Selection procedures, and Human resource planning Performance Appraisal Methods Performance appraisal methods include: Goal setting, or management by objectives (MBO) Work standards approach Essay appraisal Critical incident appraisal Graphic rating scale Checklist Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) Ranking methods 1. Goal setting or management by objectives. Management by objective consists of the following steps: Establishing a clear objectives for the work to be done by an employee Developing an action plan indicating how these objectives are to be achieved Allowing the employee to implement the action plan Measuring objective achievement Taking corrective action when needed Establishing new objectives for the future 2. Work standards approach. This method of appraisal involves setting a standard or an expected level of output and then comparing each employees level to the standard. Performance standards include: Quantity Quality Time Cost Dependability Accuracy Attendance, etc. 3. Essay appraisal In this method the appraiser prepares a written statement (narrative) describing a workers strengths and weaknesses, and past performance. A typical essay appraisal question might be Describe this employees performance, including quality and quantity of work, job knowledge, and ability to get along with other employees. 4. Critical incident appraisal In this method the appraiser keeps a written record of incidents that illustrate both satisfactory and unsatisfactory behaviors of the employee. The appraiser then uses these incidents as a basis for evaluating the employees performance. 5. Graphic rating scale This method requires the appraiser to indicate on a scale where the employee rates on factors such as quantity of work, dependability, job knowledge, and cooperativeness. Graphical ratings include both numerical ranges and written descriptions. Ex. On quantity of work (1) the worker does not meet minimum requirement (2) Does just enough to get byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(5) has a superior work production record. 6. Checklist In this method the appraiser answers with a yes or no to a series of questions about the behaviour of the employee being rated. The checklist can have varying weight assigned to each question. 7. Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) This method of appraisal determines an employees level of performance based on whether or not certain specifically job behaviors are present. BARS consist of scale value and anchors. Scale values define specific categories of performance such as: Excellent, good, average, poor, etc. Anchors are statements which indicate the level of performance on the scale opposite that particular anchor. 8. Ranking methods In this method of appraisal, the performance of an employee is ranked relative to the performance of others. Ranking methods include: Alternation ranking Paired comparison ranking, and Forced distribution Alternation ranking-the appraiser lists the names of employees to be rated on the left side of a sheet of paper. The rater chooses the most valuable employee on the list, crosses that name off the left-hand list, and puts at the top of the column on the right-hand side of the paper. The rater repeats the process for all names on the left hand side of the paper. Paired comparison ranking: suppose a rater is to evaluate six employees. The names of these individuals are listed on the left side of a sheet of paper. The rater then compares the first employee with the second employee on a chosen performance criterion, such as quantity of work; he then makes a mark on the first employees name if he produced more. He then compares the first employee with the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth employees on the same performance criterion. Forced distribution-In this method, the appraiser places a certain percentage of employees at various performance levels. It assumes performance in a group of employees is distributed according to a normal curve. Thus, the rater could place 60% of employees as meeting expectation; 20% as exceeding expectation, and 20% as not meeting expectations. Model of Attendance Your company wont suffer much from the occasional employee day off or sick day, but patterns of absences can create havoc in your work place. With several employees out of the office, production slows, or other employees may have to pick up the slack causing the quality of their work to suffer. While you cant prevent every absence, you can take steps to decrease the number of overall absences. Create an Attendance Policy Some employees may show up late or take several days off because they do not understand the companys stance on absences. You need a clear-cut attendance policy so every employee knows what you expect of him. Include reasons for acceptable absences, what you consider unacceptable and any disciplinary action or reduction in pay the employee may face after abusing holiday or sick days. Make sure every employee receives a copy of this policy. Have your supervisors monitor their employees and enforce the policy. Improve Morale If your office staff suffers from general low morale, employees will start to dread coming to work. This can increase absences throughout the staff. Spend time each week on boosting morale. Make sure every employee has regularly scheduled breaks throughout the day. Offer group lunches, prizes for completing projects or other incentives. Creating a positive environment that incorporates hard work with down time helps boost morale. Reduce Stress An employee can feel stressed in the workplace, especially if she has a large workload. High levels of stress can lead to avoidance, or even cause an illness. Both of which can lead to frequent absences. Make sure every employee has an even workload and can complete tasks given to them. Create teams to complete projects, rather than assigning one employee to the entire task. Reducing workloads and placing the right people with the right jobs will reduce stress levels in the office. Steers and Rhodes developed a model on absenteeism which according to Harrison and Martocchio, 1998 was deemed to be very influential and frequently cited in literatures about absenteeism within organizations. The model states that the capability of employees or workers to attend work is primarily dictated by how motivated as well as their ability to attend and perform their duties. These variables, ability and motivation have been thought to interact in a manner that an individual supposed ability to be present at work usually moderates his/her enthusiasm to attend work-what has been known as attendance relationship(Steers and Susan, 1978).The two further argued that personal characteristics or attributes which include sex(gender), tenure, family size, education, in addition to that, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, the ability to attend which encompass sickness, family responsibilities, accidents as well as transport problems, pressure to attend that include attendance reward system/incentives/bonuses, work group norms all either in isolation or in combination influence absenteeism of employees. It is worth to note that these were addition to their initial model developed in 1978 which only identified job satisfaction as the only specific significant factor affecting attendance motivation. From the diagram, attendance motivation is influenced by organizational practices, culture of absenteeism, attitude, values and goals of employees. Employees who are fully satisfied with their jobs do have strong loyalty to the organization and proud of it hence will desire to actively engage in activities to better the organization, and this is done by being present at work. REFERNCES Retrieved August 12, 2011, from World Wide Web http://smallbusiness.chron.com/things-improve-employee-work-attendance-19070.html Retrieved August 3, 2011, from World Wide Web (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Retrieved August 3, 2011, from, from World Wide Web http://www.businessballs.com/trainingprogramevaluation.htm Retrieved August 12, 2011, from, from World Wide Web http://managementhelp.org/training/basics/reasons-for-training.htm Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2007). Management, The New Workplace. Ohio. USA: Thomson Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (1996). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Prentice hall.

Power of the Quake Essay -- essays research papers fc

Power of the quake When humans are under tremendous pressure, they are told that they should try and relieve some stress. The same is true of mother earth when she is under a terrible strain; she has to relieve some stress, only Earths version of blowing off some steam is very deadly and extremely terrifying. An earthquake is a vibration of the Earths surface that follows a release of energy in the Earths crust. There are various ways this energy is released. Manmade explosions, dislocation of segments of the crust or volcanic eruptions are all triggers for an Earthquake; however, most are caused by a slippage of faults. A fault is a fracture in the Earths crust along which two blocks of the crust have slipped within one another. These faults are grouped into three categories (normal, thrust and strike-slip) and are located all over the Earth. In North America there is a very large fault that runs through California that separates the North American plate and the Pacific plate. The afore mentioned fault is called the San Andreas fault and is approximately 1300 kilometers long and a great source for Earthquakes and activity. San Andreas is unusual because unlike most faults, which are beneath the Earths surface, the San Andreas is visible on the surface. One of the bigger Earthquakes ever recorded ran along this fault and will be discussed later in the paper. The length and severity of an Earthquake does vary. Much in the way lightning is a preemptive sign that thunder will follow, foreshocks are a preemptive sign that a major Earthquake will follow. Foreshocks are small Earthquakes that last anywhere from years to hours before a major quake. When foreshocks have been monitored for making predictions it has had mixed results but if nothing else they do allow people to prepare for the potential disaster that may follow. Once that major quake does follow it can last seconds or minutes and the damage can be nil or severe. If severe then the aftershocks that follow can bring down structures that were badly damaged from the major quake. This whole process is repetitious, taking place along faults with powerful quakes once every two years and moderate quakes averaging 40 per year. Scientists’ estimate more than 8,000 minor quakes take place each day but do not cause any damage. Fault lines are not limited to the land. They do run under the water and the str... ...ds of lives. Humans’ ability to cope with natural disaster such as an Earthquake will be an ongoing struggle. The best hope relies on better predictions, better structural design and ultimately no fatalities. Works Cited Dunegan, H.L. (1996, June 11-13). Prediction of Earthquakes home what’s new about AE/MS. (6th Conference on AE/MS activity in geologic structures and materials) Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 86, NO. 1A, pp. 204-211 McNally, Karen C (2002, February 16). â€Å"Earthquake† World Book Online Americas Edition, www./wbol/na/ar/co/171680. p.1-13 Mooney, M.J. (1990). Tsunami. (When the sea quakes) Americas, vol. 42 Issue 4, p.24,5p,1diagram,2C. www.oem1.epnet.com/oemfulltext.asp?resultSetId=R00000000&hitNum=2&booleanTerm.com Anonymous (1997,Oct 23). How Earthquakes Happen (Aerial view of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, Central California). Education and Outreach http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/how.html Unknown (1906, April 19). Earthquake and Fire San Francisco in Ruins Call Chronicle Examiner (First Newspaper Report Home Index by year Biographies the gift shop) www.sfmuseum.org/press/clip.html

Ancient Greek Olympics :: essays research papers

Ancient Greek Olympics Reporting today's Olympic games is like a technological masterpiece. The athletes compete in many events, their times and scores are tallied and sent worldwide by satellites and high-tech computers within seconds. Each event is carefully watched and recorded with a sense of history. There was no such sense of history or records when the first Games began in Ancient Greece. The first recorded champion in Greece was a sprinter, Coroebus, he was a cook in a near by Greek city called, Elis. He ran naked on a sanded course in front of thousands of spectators. The course was about 630 feet long "or one stad-from which the word stadium was derived." His victory won him a wreath of olive leaves. That was in 776 BC and this year became very important to later Greek Historians. In 300 BC all time was dated by Olympiads, a time span of four years between the games. The Olympiad began with the first recorded foot race. As far back in Greek time as anyone can remember, the human body was a very beautiful thing. "A body of a man had glory, as well as his mind, that both needed discipline, and by that such discipline men best honored Zeus." From time to time the Greeks held ceremonies of Games in honor of their god Zeus. They held these ceremonies for the areas in which they took place. These places were, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemeam, and of course, Olympian. The Olympian games go back to the time of the first people to live in the valley of Alpheas River. There in Elis, in the western Peloponnesus was Olympia, "the fairest spot in Greece." This land was filled with beauty and snowcapped mountains. This area was a perfect spot for the ceremonies held every four years, for Zeus. In 1875, the most important ruins of Ancient Greece were uncovered. One important ruin that was discovered was the temple of Zeus, that was in use about 2,500 years ago. Near it was the temple for his wife, Hera that was even older. It was used about 2,900 years ago. Another important discovery was the finding of the statue of Hermes. Hermes was sculpted by the Praxiteles. This statue was found in the Hera's Temple. Contained in the Temple of Zeus was one of the Seven Wonders of the World, it was a statue of Zeus sitting on his throne, it was larger then a two-story house. This great masterpiece was made by, Phidias, it was made of ivory and gold. Soon everyone wanted to win the favor of their god, Zeus.

Itunes Music Pricing

Josefina Anorga Carlos Albizu University iTunes Music Pricing Adopting a variable pricing policy might increase the sales revenue of Apple’s Music Store. Pricing the more popular songs at a higher price and the less popular ones at a lesser rate would generate higher sales for the lesser popular ones. Thus making up for the slight drop in sales of expensive tracks and ultimately working towards overall increased revenues. Although most songs with a higher price point experienced nearly 21 % drop in sales, the 29 % increase in price made up for the loss.Moreover, sales for the top 40 songs have a relatively inelastic demand and are expected to be unaffected by the price rise. The customers of these popular songs are price-insensitive and hence make a greater contribution to the increased revenues since the optimal price can be marked at a value much higher than the marginal cost. With the tiered pricing structure, iTunes Music Store would also be able to tackle the increasing c ompetition by the major wireless companies offering downloadable music to the cell phone subscribers.Variable pricing intelligently supports the maximized returns by allowing the company to adjust the value of per-unit prices to increase revenues and encourage the potential customers to be allured by the lowered prices of specific tracks. Apple’s iTunes Music Store might adopt other strategies such as Product Bundle Pricing strategy to make a bundle of different songs (both popular and less popular tracks) and sell them at reduced prices. This will not only help the sales of the slow moving sound tracks, but also work as a revenue generator by way of alluring potential consumers.The bundling strategy will help in increasing profits by extracting additional consumer surplus. Another strategy that the company may adopt is the captive pricing policy. This approach will require the company to charge higher prices for the songs since they can only be downloaded exclusively on the iPod. This will ensure higher revenue from the existing customer downloads, however the company might not be able to increase the iPod sales following this pricing policy. The company may implement promotional pricing strategies such as offering some specific songs at discounted prices along with the purchase of the new iPods.This would not only boost the sales of the iPods, it would also attract the customers to buy the usually expensive songs at discounted rates. This would directly promote the music sales thus increasing revenues. While the variable pricing strategy is seen as way to increase revenue, the sophisticated pricing structure poses high risks and potential costs to the company. With the advent of the information technology and the rise in the unauthorized file swapping networks, the company is already at a high risk of losing consumers, who can easily download pirated music free of cost.Moreover, since a major share (about $0. 70) of the revenue per song goes to the re cord companies that have the right to the songs and the iTunes Music Store gets a very small share of the profit from the downloaded music, the company cannot afford to lose profits from the sales of iPods. A complicated pricing structure poses a great risk of losing the customers to other companies, which will adversely affect the sales of the iPods also. With the music companies tying up with other competitors such as Amazon. om, who sell the music catalogs wrapped in digital rights management software, implementing the complicated pricing, would only mean losing the sales and promoting the unethical practice of unauthorized free downloads. Apple’s pricing objective of flat pricing is not directed at maximizing revenues due to the sale of downloaded music. The company is enticed to sell the downloaded music at low prices in order to promote the sale of iPods. Apple follows a profit maximizing policy for the iPods revenue stream and so follows a stable policy for the attract ing the customers by a flat price for the downloaded music.However, the record companies are only concerned about maximizing revenues from the downloaded music and they are not concerned about the revenue from the sale of iPod. The iTunes Music store is a service that Apple offers to its consumers who wish to buy the third party music and audio books over the internet. Moreover, with no subscription fee and broad range of personal rights being offered with the music content, including playing the music on an unlimited number of iPods, Apple is clearly not focused at generating increased revenues through music downloads (Forms 10-K).Apple’s ability to control the pricing of downloaded music is likely to change in the future. Third party content providers require Apple to provide variable pricing policy along with adequate security mechanism. If the company continues to focus on revenue maximization of iPod hardware sales considering the music content download as a peripheral b usiness activity, the recording companies might get agitated due to the absence in increased revenues.The company might lose its leverage over music companies owing to the increasing competition. With other companies like Amazon ready to sell the music with embedded security features, the music companies are likely to collaborate with companies thus adversely affecting iTunes Music store business.References Forms 10-K, United States Securities and Exchange Commission: Apple Computer, Inc. Retrieved on August 18, 2010 from http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/320193/000104746904035975/a2147337z10-k. htm